Zinthu Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Musanabweretse Kunyumba Kwa Agalu A Phiri Lagolide

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide Zina zambiri:

Agalu, mitundu yosakanikirana, ndi abwino kwa mabanja popeza ndi agalu okhulupirika, anzeru, ochezeka kwambiri komanso achikondi.

Amakonda kukhala pakati pa anthu ndikukhala ndi ana, akulu ndi okalamba.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Onani pansipa pamikhalidwe yonse yosakanikirana ya agalu komanso zowona za Agalu a Mountain Mountain!

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide - Pet Wabwino Chifukwa Chiyani?

Agalu a Golden Mountain ndi agalu osakanikirana omwe ali osakanizidwa bwino pakati pa Golden Retriever ndi Bernese Mountain Galu. (Golden Mountain Dog)

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Ana agalu osakanikirana a m'mapiri a golide amatenga zabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa makolo awo ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala agalu odekha, ochezeka, okhulupirika komanso anzeru.

Agalu a Phiri la Bernese ndi Golden Retriever ali ndi mitundu yosakanikirana, motero ana osakanikirana akuwoneka ngati ziweto zabwino kwambiri:

Okhulupirika kuteteza, okonda ana, anzeru kuphunzira ndi okonzeka kusangalatsa aliyense, iwo ndi odabwitsa banja agalu. (Golden Mountain Dog)

Maonekedwe a Kuberekera Agalu a Golden Mountain:

Agalu akumapiri agolide ndi agalu akulu kwambiri, mpaka mainchesi 26 m'litali. Amakhala ndi chovala chowoneka bwino chomwe chimabisa thupi lawo lamphamvu.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Chovala chake chofewa ndi chachitali ndipo chimapangitsa galu kuwoneka wokulirapo, kuchipangitsa kukhala chonyamula galu wabwino kwambiri komanso mlonda.

Kumbali inayi, mawonekedwe a ana agolide a Mountain Mountain amatengera mbadwo wa mtanda.

Chizindikiro:

Ngati ali wosakanizidwa woyamba, galu adzakhala ndi kufanana kwa 50/50 ndi makolo onse awiri.

Galu wamitundu yambiri adzasintha mawonekedwe. (Golden Mountain Dog)

1. Zodulira Nkhope:

Agalu amphiri agolide ali ndi maso ooneka ngati amondi, zipsinjo zazing'ono, ndikutsamira makutu akulu akulu. Mchira wawo ukugwedezeka nthawi zonse ndipo amasangalala kwambiri akakumana ndi anthu atsopano.

Kutalika ndi kulemera: Agalu agolide amapiri atha kukhala pakati pa 24 ndi 28 mainchesi, pomwe agalu achikazi amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna. Kulemera kwa galu kuli pakati pa mapaundi 80 ndi mapaundi 120.

2. Chovala:

Ubweya wa Ana agalu a Golden Mountain ndiwotalika, wandiweyani komanso wowongoka koma umawuma mwachangu kwambiri ndipo umafuna chisamaliro chachikulu monga kusamba ndi kudzikongoletsa.

Mtundu wa zokutira za GMD utha kukhala: Brown, Wakuda, Woyera

Nthawi zambiri, ubweya ukhoza kukhala wamitundu iwiri. (Golden Mountain Dog)

Nthawi Yamoyo - Itha Kulimbikitsidwa

Wapakati Bernese Mountain Dog Lifespan amakhala pakati pa zaka 9 ndi 15.

Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti nthawi ya galu wamapiri wagolide amatha kupitilira zaka 15.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Pachifukwa ichi, muyenera kutsatira chitsogozo chokhwima komanso chazaumoyo.

“Miyoyo ya agalu ndi yaifupi kwambiri. Kulakwa kwawo kokha, kwenikweni. ” - Agnes Sligh Turnbull

Agalu a Golden Mountain ndi agalu athanzi koma, m'kupita kwa nthawi, amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za ukalamba. (Golden Mountain Dog)

Mukawona zizindikiro zakukalamba, tengani izi ndikuwonjezera galu wanu:

  • Samalirani bwino kunyumba 
  • Onetsetsani zakudya zake
  • Khalani ndi nthawi yowunika zaumoyo
  • Mverani malangizo a dokotala mosamala
  • Kusunga chizolowezi chogwira ntchito - masewera olimbitsa thupi, kuyenda, komanso kusewera

Komanso;

  • Pangani malingaliro a chiweto chanu.
  • Limbikitsani kukhala ndi moyo mwa iwo
  • Musalole kuti ma pooches anu azimva kupsinjika.

Potero, mudzawona agalu anu akukhala motalikirapo.

Mkhalidwe Waumoyo Wa Agalu A Golden Mountain:

Monga mitundu ya makolo ake, galu wagalu wamapiri agolide atha kutenga matenda monga khunyu, khansa, mavuto amaso, kuphulika, khansa, mavuto amtima ndi matenda a von Willebrand.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Mitundu yokhotakhota yamitundu iwiri ya agalu imalandira osati zikhalidwe zabwino zokha, komanso zofooka.

Pofuna kuteteza galu wanu kuvutika ndi matenda ena, onetsetsani kuti mukusamalira galu wanu ndikutsatira njira yoyenera:

Kumbukirani zomwe Kinky Friedman adanena:

"Ndalama zingakugulire galu wabwino, koma chikondi chokha ndicho chimamupangitsa kugwedeza mchira wake."

Pachifukwa ichi, onetsetsani:

1. Kupimidwa Nthawi Zonse:

Kuyesa ma vet ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino kwa galu wanu.

Muyenera kumayendera akatswiri azaumoyo nthawi ndi nthawi.

Kupatula izi, nthawi zina pamene chiweto chanu chikuwonetsa zinthu zosokoneza monga kulira kwachilendo, kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kapena kusonyeza chidwi chochepa pa chakudya. (Golden Mountain Dog)

2. Kuchita Zochita Zolimbitsa Thupi / Zoyenda:

Agalu a Golden Mountain amakonda kwambiri chakudya komanso amakhala achangu.

Ziweto za ku Mountain Mountain zidalandira miyoyo yogwira ntchito kuchokera kwa makolo awo omwe amakhala kumapiri ndi m'minda, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito posaka.

Amakonda kuyenda mozungulira; komabe, muyenera kukhala ndi chizolowezi chachitetezo chokhazikika mu ziweto zanu.

Za ichi:

  • Tengani nawo maulendo pafupipafupi
  • Agalu achikulire a Golden Mountain ndiabwino kuyenda, kutsata, komanso kukwera mapiri
  • Tengani nawo maulendo osiyanasiyana oyenda nanu.
  • Ngati muli otanganidwa, ganyu wina woti ayende ndi galu wanu

Agalu akumapiri agolide amatha kuwonetsa zovuta kwambiri ngati sakugwira ntchito.

Zimachitika chifukwa agaluwa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri m'matupi awo, ndipo amafuna kuwadya poyenda komanso kuthamanga.

Mukapanda kuwapatsa mpata woti azisinthanitsa, ayamba kusewera pakhomo ndikukokera thalauza lanu panja.

Kudzikongoletsa Agalu Ako Akumapiri Agolide - Momwe:

Kuti muthandize agalu anu akumapiri agolide kukhala osangalala komanso athanzi, tsatirani njira yoyenera motere:

Sungani Galu Wanu Wampiri wa Golide kukhala waukhondo komanso wotetezeka kumatenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso mavuto ena azaumoyo.

Simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito shampu wamba yomwe mumagwiritsira ntchito kwa chiweto chanu.

Shampu zazing'ono zimakhala ndi zotulutsa zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tisakhale pafupi nawo.

Komanso, gwiritsani dziwe lokonda galu mukamatsuka chiweto chanu. Samalani kuti muchepetse misomali ndi kuyeretsa zikhomo zawo moyenera.

Mukatha kuyeretsa, muyenera kuyesetsa mwapadera ndi chovalacho.

Onetsetsani kuti mukukongoletsa galu wanu ndipo nthawi zonse mugwiritse ntchito mankhwala apadera.

Ngati simukufuna kuthera nthawi yambiri ndi ndalama mukudzikongoletsa, lingalirani za Red Boston Terrier.

Mukamachita izi mutha kuwona zizindikilo zaphindu zaumoyo.

Sungani cheke cha Ndalama Zodyetsa Galu / Galu Wamphongo Wagolide?

Monga momwe kulili koyenera kudyetsa chiweto chanu pang'ono kuposa momwe chikufunira, sibwinonso kuchidyetsa pakapita nthawi.

1. Dyetsani Zakudya Zakudya Zabwino:

Funsani woweta, veterinarian ndipo nthawi zonse mugule chakudya chopindulitsa ndi zofunikira zonse zofunika kuzisamalira.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Mukamasankha galu wanu chakudya, muyenera kuwona zomwe galu wanu amadya ndi zakudya ziti mosangalala.

Komabe, musaiwale kuti si chakudya cha anthu onse chomwe ndi agalu, amphaka, ndi ziweto zina zoyenera.

Mukamachita izi mutha kuwona zizindikilo zaphindu zaumoyo.

2. Mapangidwe:

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide amafunika kudya kawiri patsiku.

Ndi chakudya chochulukirapo mumangomupangitsa kukhala wonenepa, vuto laumoyo lomwe lingafupikitse moyo wa chiweto cha ku Mountain Mountain. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kudyetsa chakudya chochepa.

3. Kuchuluka:

Kutengera kukula kwawo, amafunikira magalasi atatu kapena asanu a chakudya chouma tsiku lililonse.

Galu wagolide waku Mountain Mountain oyang'anira - Ayenera?

Agalu a Golden Mountain si agalu olondera.

Ma GMD ali ndi mtima wa mbalame ndipo amangokhala omasuka m'nyumba.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Ngakhale mutawona zoopsa, abisala pamaso panu.

Chifukwa ali ngati ana ndipo amachita ngati ana.

Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti galu wanu wa ku Mountain Mountain sakusonyeza chikondi.

Amangoyembekezera kuti mudzamupulumutsa.

Kutentha kwenikweni komanso nyengo yamtunduwu?

Chovala chofewa komanso chofewa cha Golden Mountain Pooches sichidzawalola kuti azitentha.

Osamapita nawo kokayenda mchilimwe chifukwa chinyezi chimawachotsa.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira, samatha kuyenda kwambiri m'mawa wotentha; ndi nthawi yamadzulo.

Thupi lake limakhala lotentha chaka chonse.

Komanso, agalu a Golden Mountains amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri wamadera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira.

Agalu Akumapiri Agolide Ndi Banja Lonse Lomwe Mumakonda: Motani?

Agalu a Golden Mountain ndi agalu modabwitsa, achikondi, ochezeka, anzeru komanso odekha.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Makhalidwe omwe amawapanga kukhala ziweto zoyenera kwambiri kwa mibadwo yonse ndi anthu okhala m'malo onse.

  • Ngati mukukhala wosakwatiwa, mudzakhala ndi wina pambali panu, 24 × 7 osakusiyani nokha.
  • Ngati mumakhala ndi banja, oyendetsa mchira awa adzakhala ngati diso kwa abale anu onse.
  • Amakonda kwambiri ana ngati mchimwene wawo ndipo amayesetsa kuwateteza kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
  • Ziwetozi ndizabwino kwambiri kotero kuti zimatha kuphunzitsa ana anu ulemu.
  • Ngati ndinu alendo ndipo mumayenda pansi nthawi zambiri, pooch uyu ndi mnzanu woyenda naye.
  • Iye ndi wokangalika ndipo adzakudzazani ndi nyonga.

Mukamapita ndi chiweto chanu, muyenera kukhala ndi zida zonse zofunikira za galu momwe amafunikiranso maulendo opumula.

Kodi Chitsogozo cha The Golden Mountain Dog Buying ndi chiyani?

Zokuthandizani: Ingogulani Agalu a Phiri la Golide kuchokera kwa wowetera wowona.

Muthanso kupeza ana agalu a Golden Mountain ochulukirapo m'malo opulumutsa.

Mitunduyi imakonda kuyenda mozungulira ndipo nthawi zina amaiwala njira yobwerera kunyumba ndipo pamapeto pake imathera kunyumba yogona.

Galu Wamphiri Wagolide, Galu Wamapiri, Phiri Lagolide

Komanso, agalu obisalamo nawonso ndi achikondi ndipo amafuna kuti azikukondani kuposa galu wina aliyense yemwe mumamupeza m'masitolo ogulitsa ziweto.

Komabe, mukapita kumsasa, onetsetsani kuti:

Mumalipira mtengo woyenera; Sizokhudza ndalama, koma kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe mumayenera.

Ngati mubweretsa galu wanu wam'mapiri kunyumba, onetsetsani kuti mumupatsa katemera sabata yathayi.

Nthawi zambiri, agalu obisala amalephera kulandira katemera chifukwa chosowa ndalama.

Galu wa Bernese

The Galu wa Bernese (GermanGalu Wamapiri wa Bernese) ndi yayikulu mtundu wa agalu, imodzi mwa mitundu isanu ya Sennenhund-mtundu agalu ochokera ku Mapiri a Switzerland. Agaluwa ali ndi mizu ya Chiroma ambuye. Dzina Sennenhund lachokera ku Chijeremani Senne ("Alpine msipu") ndi galu (hound / galu), pomwe amatsagana ndi abusa aku Alpine ndi dairymen oyitanidwa SennBerner (kapena Bernese mu Chingerezi) amatanthauza dera lomwe mtunduwo unayambira, mu Canton waku Bern. Mtundu uwu poyamba unkasungidwa ngati wamba galu wam'munda. Sennenhunde wamkulu m'mbuyomu adagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kulemba nyama, akukoka ngolo. Mitunduyi idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo mu 1912.

Ochekenera

Monga Sennenhund wina, galu wamapiri waku Bernese ndi galu wamkulu, wolemera yemwe ali ndi utoto wosiyana odula, wakuda wokhala ndi chifuwa choyera komanso zipsera za utoto pamwamba pamaso, mbali zamkamwa, kutsogolo kwa miyendo, ndikutuluka mozungulira pachifuwa choyera. Komabe, ndi mtundu wokhawo wa Sennenhund agalu okhala ndi chovala chachitali. 

Makhalidwe abwino a munthu wodziwika bwino amapereka chithunzi cha nsapato zoyera pamphuno, chomwe nthawi zonse chimakhala chakuda. Pali "mtanda waku Switzerland" woyera pachifuwa mukawonedwa kuchokera kutsogolo. "Kupsompsona kwa ku Switzerland" ndi chizindikiro choyera chomwe chimapezeka kumbuyo kwa khosi, koma mwina gawo la khosi. Mphete yathunthu siyingakwaniritse mtundu wa mtunduwo. AKC imasanja mndandanda, monga zosayenera, mtundu wamaso amtambo, ndi mtundu uliwonse wapansi kupatula wakuda.

Kutalika ndi kulemera kwake

Amuna ali 25-27.5 mu (64-70 cm), pomwe akazi ndi 23-26 mu (58-66 cm). Kulemera ndi 80-120 lb (35-55 kg) kwa amuna, pomwe kuli 75-100 lb (35-45 kg) kwa akazi.

Makhalidwe athupi

Amawerengedwa a wamlomo wouma mtundu, galu wamapiri wa Bernese ndiwotalikirapo pang'ono kuposa kutalika kwake, mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndi msana wolimba, wokulirapo. Mutu wa galu wam'mapiri a Bernese ndiwophwathalala pamwamba ndikuyimilira pang'ono, ndipo makutu ake ndi apakatikati, amakona atatu, okhazikika, komanso ozungulira pamwamba. Mano amaluma lumo. Miyendo ya a Bernese ndiyowongoka komanso yolimba, yokhala ndi zala zazing'ono kuzungulira. Pulogalamu ya ziphuphu a Bernese nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa. Mchira wake wolimba umanyamulidwa pansi.

Kutentha

The mtundu wa mtundu galu wa ku phiri la Bernese akuti agalu sayenera kukhala "aukali, odandaula kapena amanyazi", koma akhale "abwino", "odzidalira", "olimba mtima kwa alendo", komanso "odekha". Zimangowukira ngati zikufunikiradi (mwini wake akumenyedwa). Khalidwe la agalu amodzi limatha kusiyanasiyana, ndipo si zitsanzo zonse za mtunduwo zomwe zidasamalidwa mosamalitsa kuti zitsatire muyezo. Agalu onse akuluakulu amafunika kukhala ochezeka pomwe ali ana, ndikuphunzitsidwa ndikuchita zochitika pamoyo wawo wonse.

Bernese ndi agalu akunja pamtima, ngakhale amakhalidwe abwino mnyumba; amafunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma samapirira kwambiri. Amatha kuyenda mwachangu modabwitsa chifukwa chakukula kwawo atalimbikitsidwa. Ngati ali omveka (osakhala ndi mavuto m'chiuno, m'zigongono, kapena m'malo ena), amasangalala kuyenda ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi anthu awo. Kusapatsidwa masewera olimbitsa thupi okwanira kumatha kubweretsa kukuwa ndi kuzunza ku Bernese.

Agalu akumapiri a Bernese ndi mtundu womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala bwino ndi ana, chifukwa ndiwokonda kwambiri. Ndi agalu oleza mtima omwe amatenga bwino kwa ana omwe amawakwera. Ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, a Bernese nawonso azikhala osangalala ndi madzulo abata.

Bernese amagwira ntchito bwino ndi ziweto zina komanso pafupi ndi alendo. Ndiomwe akuyang'anira bwino. Amakonda kulumikizana ndi m'modzi kapena banja limodzi, ndipo amakhala otalikirana komanso osayanjana ndi alendo.

History

Mbiri, m'malo ena osachepera, mtunduwo unkatchedwa a Dürrbachhund[13] or Dürrbächler, tawuni yaying'ono (Dürrbach) pomwe agalu akulu anali pafupipafupi.[14]

Agalu ali ndi mizu mu Chiroma ambuye.[15][16]

Mtunduwo udagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholinga chonse galu wam'munda Yoteteza katundu ndi kuyendetsa ng'ombe za mkaka mtunda wautali kuchokera kumunda kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto. Alimiwo adanyamula agalu kunyamula ngolo zawo za mkaka ndi tchizi ndipo anthu amderali amawatcha "Agalu a Tchizi." 

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1900, okonda adawonetsa zitsanzo zochepa za agalu akulu ku ziwonetsero ku Berne, ndipo mu 1907 oweta ochepa ochokera kudera la Burgdorf adayambitsa yoyamba kalabu yobereketsa, ndi Schweizerische Dürrbach-Klub, ndipo analemba yoyamba Standard zomwe zimafotokoza agalu ngati mtundu wina. Pofika 1910, panali kale mamembala 107 olembetsa. Pali chithunzi cha Galu Wamapiri wa Bernese, wa 1905 pamalo opumulira a Fumee Fall ku Quinnesec, MI.

Mu 1937, a American Kennel Club anazindikira icho; lero, kalabu imayika m'gulu la Gulu Logwira Ntchito. Ku US, Galu wa Bernese Mountain akukulirakulira, kukhala m'malo a 32 ndi American Kennel Club mu 2013.

Agaluwa ndi otchuka kwambiri ngati agalu am'banja m'maiko olankhula Chijeremani, komwe ali m'gulu la agalu odziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, Association of Dog Breeders yaku Germany adalemba Bernese pamlingo wa 11 pa kubadwa kulikonse mu 2014

Mavuto azachipatala

Cancer ndi omwe amapha agalu ambiri, koma Agalu Aku Bernese Mountain ali ndi khansa yayikulu kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina; M'mafukufuku onse aku US / Canada ndi UK, pafupifupi theka la Agalu Akumapiri a Bernese amafa ndi khansa, poyerekeza ndi agalu pafupifupi 27%. 

Agalu Akuphiri a Bernese amaphedwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya khansa, kuphatikiza histiocytosis yoyipachotupa cham'mimbalymphosarcomamatenda a fibrosarcomandipo osteosarcoma. Mavuto obwera nawo azachipatala omwe Galu waku Bernese Mountain angakumane nawo amaphatikizira histiocytosis yoyipamatenda a hypomyelinogenesis, kupita patsogolo kwa retinal atrophy, ndipo mwina nthata ndi hypoadrenocorticism

Mtunduwo umayambanso histoocytic sarcoma, khansa ya minyewa yolusa kwambiri, komanso matenda obadwa nawo omwe amapezeka pakati pa agalu akulu. Bernese wazaka zinayi yemwe ali ndi lymphoma wotchedwa Dylan anali m'modzi mwa agalu oyamba kulandira chemotherapy ku Virginia-Maryland Regional College ya Chowona Zanyama, ndipo zinawayendera bwino.

Agalu Akuphiri a Bernese ali ndi miyoyo yayikulu modabwitsa chifukwa cha minofu ndi mafupa. nyamakazim'chiuno dysplasiandipo mitanda yopachika kuphulika kunanenedwa kuti ndi komwe kumayambitsa kufa kwa 6% ya Agalu Akumapiri a Bernese mu kafukufuku waku UK; poyerekeza, kufa chifukwa cha matenda am'mafupa kunanenedwa kuti ndi ochepera 2% kwa agalu obadwa mwapadera.

Omwe ali ndi Agalu a Phiri la Bernese ndiwowirikiza katatu kuposa eni mitundu ina kuti anene musculoskeletal mavuto agalu awo; omwe amadziwika kwambiri kuti ndi mitanda yopachika kuphwanya, nyamakazi (makamaka m'mapewa ndi m'zigongono), m'chiuno dysplasiandipo nyamakazi. Msinkhu woyambika wamavuto am'mafupa amakhalanso otsika modabwitsa. Pakafukufuku waku US / Canada, agalu amoyo 11% anali ndi nyamakazi azaka zapakati pa 4.3. 

Matenda ena ofala, omwe si a minofu ndi mafupa amakhudza a Berners pamlingo wofanana ndi mitundu ina. Okhala ndi Agalu a Mountain Mountain a Bernese ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuthana ndi galu wamkulu yemwe angakhale ndi zovuta zoyenda ali wamng'ono. Zosankha zothandizira agalu omwe ali ndi vuto loyenda atha kuphatikizira njira zapagalimoto kapena nyumba, kukweza mahatchi ndi zolumikiza, ndi ma wheelchair (monga: Walkin 'Mawilo). Mabedi omasuka angathandize kuchepetsa kupweteka kwamalumikizidwe. Chifukwa cha zovuta zamankhwala izi, eni a Bernese Mountain Agalu akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti agalu awo alandila OFA ndi ziphaso za CERF.

Pansi:

Timalize zokambiranazi ndi zomwe a Rogers anena:

"Ngati kulibe agalu kumwamba, ndikufuna kupita komwe adapita ndikamwalira."

Kodi ndinu munthu wapabanja? Musaiwale kuwona chiweto chathu chosangalatsa komanso chophunzitsa mabulogu.

Siyani Mumakonda

Khalani okonzeka!