About Virus komanso chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus:

A virus ndi zojambulajambula wothandizira opatsirana kuti obwereza kokha mkati mwa amoyo maselo a organism. Mavairasi amapatsira onse mawonekedwe amoyo, kuyambira nyama ndi zomera mpaka tizilombo toyambitsa matendakuphatikizapo mabakiteriya ndi archaea. Kuyambira Wotchedwa Dmitri IvanovskyNkhani ya 1892 yofotokoza zopanda bakiteriya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukhudza mbewu za fodya komanso kupezeka kwa kachilombo ka fodya by Martinus Beijerinck mu 1898, mitundu yoposa 9,000 yamafuta afotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane wa mamiliyoni amitundu ya ma virus m'chilengedwe. Mavairasi amapezeka pafupifupi pafupifupi zachilengedwe Padziko Lapansi ndipo ndi mitundu yambiri yazachilengedwe. Kafukufuku wama virus amadziwika kuti virology, subspeciality ya microbiology.

Mukakhala ndi kachilomboka, khungu lokakamizidwa limakakamizidwa kutulutsa mwachangu masauzande ambiri a kachilombo koyambirira. Ngati simuli mkati mwa khungu lomwe lili ndi kachilombo kapena mukamayambitsa kachilomboka, mavairasi amapezeka ngati tinthu tomwe timayimira, kapena virions, wopangidwa ndi (i) the zakuthupi, Kutalika mamolekyu of DNA or RNA zomwe zimapanga kapangidwe ka mapuloteni omwe kachilombo kamagwira; (ii) a mapuloteni chovala, the kapisozi, womwe umazungulira ndikuteteza chibadwa; ndipo nthawi zina (iii) kunja envelopu of lipids.

Maonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala tosavuta maphokoso ndi icosahedral mawonekedwe kuzinthu zovuta kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yama virus imakhala ndi ma virus ochepa kwambiri kuti angawoneke ndi makina oonera zinthu zing'onozing'ono kuwala, monga momwe zilili zana limodzi kukula kwa mabakiteriya ambiri.

Magwero a ma virus mu chisinthiko mbiri ya moyo sakudziwika: ena atha kukhala nawo kusinthika kuchokera mapuloteni—Zinthu za DNA zomwe zimatha kuyenda pakati pa maselo — pomwe zina mwina zinachokera ku mabakiteriya. Mukusintha, ma virus ndi njira yofunikira ya kusintha kosasintha kwa majini, zomwe zimawonjezeka kusiyanasiyana kwa majini m'njira yofananira kubereka. 

Ena amawona ma virus akatswiri azamoyo kukhala mawonekedwe amoyo, chifukwa amanyamula zinthu zamtundu, kuberekana, ndikusintha kusankha masoka, ngakhale zilibe mawonekedwe ofunikira, monga mawonekedwe am'maselo, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ofunikira pofotokozera moyo. Chifukwa chakuti ali ndi makhalidwe ena koma osati onse otero, mavairasi amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "zamoyo kumapeto kwa moyo", komanso monga odzilamulira okha.

Mavairasi amafalikira m'njira zambiri. Njira imodzi yotumizira kudzera muzinthu zonyamula matenda zotchedwa mavekitala: Mwachitsanzo, mavairasi nthawi zambiri amapatsirana kuchokera kuzomera kubzala ndi tizilombo timene timadya chomera chomera, monga nsabwe; ndipo mavairasi munyama amatha kunyamulidwa woyamwa magazi tizilombo. Fuluwenza mavairasi inafikira mlengalenga mwa kutsokomola ndi kuyetsemula. Norovirus ndi rotavirus, Zomwe zimayambitsa kachilombo ka HIV gastroenteritis, zimafalitsidwa ndi faecal – njira yapakamwa, anapatsirana pakamwa kapena pakamwa kapena m'madzi.

The mankhwala opatsirana ya norovirus yofunikira kutulutsa matenda mwa anthu ndi yochepera 100 tinthu tating'onoting'ono. HIV ndi amodzi mwa mavairasi opatsirana kugonana komanso pokhudzidwa ndi magazi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Maselo osiyanasiyana omwe kachilombo kangayambitsidwe amatchedwa "khamu osiyanasiyana“. Izi zitha kukhala zochepa, kutanthauza kuti kachilombo kangathe kupatsira mitundu yochepa, kapena yotakata, kutanthauza kuti imatha kupatsira ambiri.

Matenda opatsirana ndi nyama amakhumudwitsa Poyankha m'thupi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachotsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa. Mayankho amthupi amatha kupangidwanso ndi katemera, yomwe imapereka chitetezo chokwanira ku kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa. Mavairasi ena, kuphatikizapo omwe amachititsa Edzi, Matenda a HPVndipo matenda a chiwindi, kupewa mayankho am'magazi ndikubweretsa osatha matenda. Makalasi angapo a mankhwala antiviral apangidwa.

Etymology

Mawuwa achokera ku Latin neuter kachilombo kuloza poizoni ndi zakumwa zina zoopsa, zochokera komweko Indo-European maziko as Sanskrit pa, Avestan gawondipo Chigiriki chakale ἰός (zonse kutanthauza 'poyizoni'), choyamba zatsimikiziridwa mu Chingerezi mu 1398 mu A John Trevisa kumasulira kwa Bartholomeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum. Oopsa, kuchokera ku Chilatini matenda ('poyizoni'), idayamba c. 1400. Tanthauzo la 'wothandizira amene amayambitsa matenda opatsirana' lidalembedwa koyamba mu 1728, kale ma virus asanatulukidwe ndi Wotchedwa Dmitri Ivanovsky mu 1892.

Chingerezi zochuluka is mavairasi (nthawi zina nawonso kukhotetsa), pomwe liwu lachilatini ndi misa, yomwe ilibe mwanjira Umboni wambiri (zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito Neo-Latin). Mawu omasulira tizilombo yafika mu 1948. Mawuwa virion (mochulukitsa virions), yomwe idayamba mu 1959, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauza kachilombo kamodzi kamene kamatulutsidwa mchipindako ndipo kamatha kupatsira ma cell ena amtundu womwewo.

History

Louis Pasteur sanathe kupeza wothandizira wa rabies ndipo amaganizira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ochepa kwambiri kuti asazindikiridwe ndi microscopes. Mu 1884, aku France katswiri wa tizilombo Charles Chamberland Anapanga Fyuluta ya Chamberland (kapena fyuluta ya Pasteur-Chamberland) yokhala ndi ma pores ochepa kuti athe kuchotsa mabakiteriya onse pamayankho omwe adadutsamo. Mu 1892, wasayansi waku Russia a Dmitri Ivanovsky adagwiritsa ntchito fyuluta iyi kuphunzira zomwe masiku ano zimadziwika kuti kachilombo ka fodya: Masamba osweka a fodya omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amakhalabe opatsirana ngakhale atasefera kuti achotse mabakiteriya.

Ivanovsky adati mwina matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha a poizoni wopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya, koma sanatsatire lingalirolo. Panthawiyo zimaganiziridwa kuti mankhwala opatsirana onse amatha kusungidwa ndi zosefera ndikumera pa sing'anga-iyi inali gawo la chiphunzitso cha majeremusi cha matenda. Mu 1898 - Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck adabwereza zoyeserazo ndikukhulupirira kuti yankho lomwe lidasefedwalo linali ndi mtundu watsopano wa mankhwala opatsirana. 

Adawona kuti wothandizirayo adangochulukitsa m'maselo omwe amagawanika, koma momwe zoyeserera zake sizinawonetse kuti zidapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, adazitcha contagium vivum fluidum (nyongolosi yamoyo yosungunuka) ndikubwezeretsanso mawu virus. Beijerinck ananenabe kuti ma virus anali amadzi mwachilengedwe, lingaliro lomwe pambuyo pake linanyozedwa nalo Wendell Stanley, omwe adatsimikizira kuti anali particulate.^[25] Chaka chomwecho, Friedrich Loeffler ndipo Paul Frosch adapatsira kachilombo koyambitsa nyama, kachirombo (wothandizila wa matenda a phazi ndi pakamwa), kudzera pa fyuluta yofananira.^[27]

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, English bacteriologist Frederick Twort anatulukira gulu la mavairasi amene amapatsira mabakiteriya, amene tsopano amatchedwa ziphuphu (kapena wamba 'mapaji'), komanso French-Canada microbiologist Félix d'Herelle anafotokoza mavairasi omwe, akawonjezeredwa ku mabakiteriya pa mbale ya agar, amatulutsa madera abakiteriya akufa. Anayeretsa moyenera kuyimitsidwa kwa ma virus awa ndikupeza kuti ma dilution apamwamba kwambiri (ma virus otsika kwambiri), m'malo mopha mabakiteriya onse, adapanga magawo azinthu zakufa.

Kuwerengera maderawa ndikuchulukitsa ndi dilution kumuloleza kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ma virus pakuyimitsidwa koyambirira. Phages adalengezedwa ngati chithandizo chamatenda ngati tayifodi ndi kolera, koma lonjezo lawo layiwalika ndikukula kwa penicillin. Kukula kwa kukana kwa bakiteriya kwa maantibayotiki wayambitsanso chidwi pakugwiritsa ntchito ma bacteriophages.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, ma virus anali atafotokozedwa malinga ndi awo matenda opatsirana, kuthekera kwawo kupititsa zosefera, ndi kufunikira kwawo kuti akhale amoyo. Mavairasi anali atalimidwa mu zomera ndi nyama zokha. Mu 1906 Ross Granville Harrison Anapanga njira ya kukula minofu in zamitsempha, ndipo mu 1913 E. Steinhardt, C. Israel, ndi RA Lambert anagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti ikule katemera Kachilombo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa nkhumba. Mu 1928, HB Maitland ndi MC Maitland adakula katemera wa katemera poyimitsa impso za nkhuku. Njira yawo sinatchulidwe konse mpaka ma 1950 pomwe Matenda a polio idalimidwa pamlingo waukulu popanga katemera.

Kupambana kwina kudabwera mu 1931 pomwe katswiri wazachipatala waku America Ernest William Goodpasture ndi Alice Miles Woodruff Anakula fuluwenza ndi ma virus ena angapo m'mazira a nkhuku. Mu 1949, John Franklin Enders, A Thomas Wellerndipo Frederick Robbins Anakula poliovirus m'maselo otukuka kuchokera kumatenda amtundu waumunthu, kachilombo koyambirira kameneka kameneka kamakula popanda kugwiritsa ntchito minofu yolimba kapena mazira. Ntchitoyi inathandiza Hilary Koprowski, Kenako Jonas Salk, kuti agwire bwino ntchito katemera wa polio.

Zithunzi zoyamba za ma virus zidapezeka pakupanga kwa ma electron microscopy mu 1931 ndi akatswiri aku Germany Ernst Russia ndi Max Knoll. Mu 1935, wasayansi waku America komanso wama virologist Wendell Meredith Stanley adasanthula kachilombo ka fodya ndipo adapeza kuti kanali kopangidwa ndi mapuloteni. Pasanapite nthawi, kachilomboka kanapatulidwa kukhala mapuloteni komanso mbali za RNA. Kachilombo ka fodya kanali koyamba kukhala wonyezimira ndi kapangidwe kake, chifukwa chake, kakhoza kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Choyamba X-ray mapindikidwe zithunzi za kachirombako zidapangidwa ndi Bernal ndi Fankuchen mu 1941. Kutengera zithunzi zake za X-ray crystallographic, Rosalind Franklin anapeza mtundu wonse wa kachilomboka mu 1955. Chaka chomwecho, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat ndi Robley Williams adawonetsa kuti kachilombo koyeretsera fodya RNA ndi mapuloteni ake amatha kusonkhana okha kuti apange mavairasi ogwira ntchito, kutanthauza kuti njira yosavutayi mwina ndi njira yomwe mavairasi amapangidwira m'maselo awo.

Hafu yachiwiri yazaka za zana la 20 inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri yakupezeka kwa ma virus, ndipo mitundu yambiri yolembedwa ya ma virus, nyama, ndi mabakiteriya idapezeka mzaka izi. Mu 1957 matenda a arterivirus ndi chifukwa cha Kutsekula m'mimba mwa kachilombo (a kachilombo ka HIV) zidapezeka. Mu 1963 a Vuto la hepatitis B adapezeka ndi Baruki Blumberg, ndipo mu 1965 A Howard Temin anafotokoza woyamba kachilombo ka HIV. 

Chosintha transcriptase, ndi enzyme kuti ma retroviruses amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga ma DNA a RNA awo, adafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1970 ndi Temin ndipo David Baltimore pawokha. Mu 1983 Luc MontagnierGulu la ku Pasteur Institute ku France, adatulutsa kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamatchedwa kachilombo ka HIV. Mu 1989 Michael HoughtonGulu la ku Malingaliro a kampani Chiron Corporation Anapeza chiwindi C

Chiyambi

Mavairasi amapezeka kulikonse komwe kuli moyo ndipo mwina adakhalako kuyambira pomwe maselo amoyo adayamba kusinthika. Gwero la ma virus silikudziwika bwino chifukwa silipanga zakale, ndiye njira zamagulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe adakhalira. Kuphatikiza apo, ma virus amtundu wa ma virus nthawi zina amaphatikizika mu nyongolosi za zamoyo, zomwe zimatha kupitilizidwa molunjika kwa mbewu ya khamu m'mibadwo yambiri. Izi zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri kwa akatswiri apakhungu kufufuza ma virus akale omwe adalipo zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Pali zikhulupiriro zazikulu zitatu zomwe cholinga chake ndikufotokozera magwero a ma virus:

Kukhumudwitsa

Ma virus mwina anali maselo ang'onoang'ono omwe wodabwitsidwa maselo akuluakulu. Popita nthawi, majini osafunikira chifukwa cha ziwalo zawo adatayika. Mabakiteriya alireza ndi chlamydia Ndi maselo amoyo omwe, monga mavairasi, amatha kuberekana mkati mwa maselo omwe ali nawo. Amathandizira izi, chifukwa kudalira kwawo ziwopsezo kuyenera kuti kudapangitsa kutayika kwa majini komwe kudawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo kunja kwa selo. Izi zimatchedwanso 'degeneracy hypothesis', kapena 'hypothesis yochepetsa'.

Maganizo oyambira pama cell

Tizilombo tina tomwe timachokera ku tizigawo ta DNA kapena RNA tomwe “tinapulumuka” kuchokera ku chibadwa cha chamoyo chokulirapo. DNA yomwe idathawa ikadachokerako mapuloteni (zidutswa za DNA zamaliseche zomwe zimatha kuyenda pakati pama cell) kapena zosintha (mamolekyulu a DNA omwe amatsanzira ndikusuntha m'malo osiyanasiyana mkati mwa majini a selo). Omwe amatchedwa "majini olumpha", ma transposon ndi zitsanzo za mafoni majini zinthu ndipo atha kukhala chiyambi cha ma virus ena. Anapezeka mu chimanga ndi Barbara McClintock mu 1950. Izi nthawi zina zimatchedwa 'vagrancy hypothesis', kapena 'kuthawa'.

Thanzi ndilo dalitso lalikulu! (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Nthawi zambiri anthu amazindikira izi akakhala ndi matenda kapena kachilombo. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Ndipo mavairasi amafalikira motani?

Kudzera mwa majeremusi ndi mabakiteriya, ndiye kuti:

Pokhapokha titadziteteza kwa iwo, sikutheka kuchotsa matenda ndi miliri. Ndipo tikuuzani imodzi mwanjira zabwino kwambiri ZIMENE. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Imavala magolovesi kuti mupewe majeremusi. Zimagwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku makamaka makamaka ngati zilipo mliri kupsa mtima. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Blog iyi idzafotokozera ntchito zomwe muyenera kuvala magolovesi, ndi mtundu wanji wa magolovesi omwe muyenera kuvala pa ntchito iliyonse, komanso momwe mchitidwewu umakutetezani kutali ndi ma virus. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Sayansi yosavuta kumbuyo kwa magolovesi oteteza ma virus

Mabakiteriya amafunikira sing'anga kuti isamutsidwe kuchokera kumtunda wodetsedwa kupita khungu la munthu. Pakakhala "cholepheretsa" pakati pa malo awiri, mwayi wosamutsa umakhala wochepa. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Magolovesi amapereka 'chotchinga' ichi.

Koma pali zofunikira kwambiri pano.

Ngakhale kuvala magolovesi kumapangitsa kuti thupi lanu likhale lopanda majeremusi, amathanso kukhala magwero ake.

Bwanji? (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Majeremusi adzakhalabe pamwamba pa magolovesi ndipo ngati ziwalo za thupi lanu, monga nkhope, zingakumane ndi magolovesi, majeremusi adzakupatsirani. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito magolovesi pokhapokha pazintchito zina ndikuzichotsa (mwina kuzitaya kapena kuzisambitsa) nthawi yomweyo mukangomaliza, kusamala kuti mulole kuti manja anu asakhudze ziwalo zina pantchitoyi. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Umu ndi momwe zingathandizire kuvala magolovesi ena pantchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Mitundu ya magolovesi otetezera ma virus

1. Magolovesi otsuka

Ngakhale maboma alengeze kulekedwa kutsekera mabanja m'nyumba zawo, apitiliza kudya mbale ndi mbale, sichoncho? (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Achibale anu akamayetsemula kapena kutsokomola akamadya, majeremusi ambiri amatha kudulira. Pofuna kuti manja anu asakhudzane ndi tableware yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka, muyenera kuyeretsa tebulo ndikutsuka mbale mwa kuvala magolovesi. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Kuwonjezera pa kukutetezani kuti musatenge tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, magolovesiwa ali ndi maubwino ena. Zimateteza kuuma kwa khungu komanso kuzizira komwe kumachitika chifukwa chotsuka mosalekeza, kumawatsata bwino mbale ndipo kumatha kusungidwa bwino. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

2. Magolovesi a ziweto

Ziweto zanu zikhoza kukhala ndi mavairasi kapena majeremusi matupi awo. Ngati muwatsuka kapena kuwatsuka ndi manja, pali mwayi woti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kukupatsirani, choncho valani nthawi zonse magolovesi okongoletsa ziweto. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Magolovesiwa atha kulanda bwino tsitsi lonse ndi zinyalala zomwe zili mmanja mwanu komanso zimakupangitsani kutikita minofu yabwino. Muthanso kusakaniza ubweya wa chiweto chanu ndi izi magolovesi. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

3. Magolovesi m'munda

Bwanji ngati wina ayetsemula kapena kulavulira matope kapena udzu m'mundamo ndipo inu mukuzikhudza mosazindikira mukamalima? (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Thupi lanu likadakhala litanyamula tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'madziwo, ndipo amatha kupeza njira yolowera m'thupi mwanu kudzera m'mphuno ndi mkamwa. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Ndipo zimayambitsa tizilombo matenda ndi matenda. Magolovesi am'munda ndi njira yothandiza kupewa izi. Zimatetezanso dzanja lanu kuminga ndikuthandizira kukumba ndikupanga njira zambewu. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Koma onetsetsani kuti mwatsuka mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Kukonza ndi kusenda magolovesi

Magolovesi oterewa amatha kukulepheretsani kuti mukhale wonyamula kachilomboka m'malo osiyanasiyana. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Mukamasenda masamba monga turnips ndi mbatata (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Mukapukutira mopopera, rug kapena kapeti (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Mukuchotsa matope owuma pa nsapato (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Mukamasenda tuna kapena nsomba za salmon (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

Pamodzi ndi kukhala m'modzi wa zida zapamwamba zakhitchini, imakhala ngati chotchinga ku malo okhala ndi ma virus (mbatata, turnips, makalapeti, nsapato, nsomba) motero zimakupangitsani kuti musawapeze. (chitetezo chabwino cha ma virus)

5. Magolovesi otayika a Nitrile

Popeza magolovesiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazaumoyo, mutha kuwawona ngati magolovesi adotolo kapena namwino. Othandizira azaumoyo amawavala kuti apewe kufalikira pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi kachilomboka ndi iwowo. (chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha ma virus)

Aliyense amene amathandizira wodwala kunyumba kapena mchipatala ayenera kuvala magolovesi otayika nthawi zonse. Pakachitika a kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwadzidzidzi, osati madokotala okha, komanso ena amatha kuvala.

Komabe, anthu sayenera kudzikhudza okha ndi magolovesiwa, apo ayi zingachotsere kuvala koyambirira.

Inde, mutha kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikugwiritsanso ntchito.

Kutsiliza mizere

Kotero, kodi mwaphunzira lero za njira yothandiza yopewera matenda?

Tikukhulupirira kuti mwatero. Dzitchinjirizeni nokha ndi okondedwa anu ku majeremusi ndi njira yodziwika yodzitetezera.

Komanso, musaiwale kupinikiza / kusungitsa chizindikiro ndikuyendera yathu Blog kuti mumve zambiri zosangalatsa koma zoyambirira.