22 Zolemba Zofunikira kuchokera ku The Old Man and the Sea wolemba Ernest Hemingway

Za Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (Julayi 21, 1899 - Julayi 2, 1961) anali wolemba mabuku waku America, wolemba nkhani zazifupi, mtolankhani, komanso wosewera pamasewera. Ndondomeko yake yazachuma komanso yosavomerezeka - yomwe adaitcha chiphunzitso cha madzi oundana- adakopa kwambiri zopeka za m'zaka za zana la 20, pomwe moyo wake wofuna kutchuka komanso mbiri yake pagulu zidamupangitsa kuti azisangalatsidwa ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo. (Ernest Hemingway)

Hemingway adatulutsa ntchito yake yonse pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi m'ma 1950, ndipo adapatsidwa 1954 Mphoto ya Nobel mu Literature. Iye adafalitsa mabuku asanu ndi awiri, zolemba zisanu ndi chimodzi zazifupi, ndi zolemba zina ziwiri. Mabuku ake atatu, zopereka zazifupi zinayi, ndi zolemba zitatu zosasindikizidwa zidasindikizidwa atamwalira. Zambiri mwa ntchito zake zimawoneka ngati zapamwamba Zolemba zaku America.

Hemingway anakulira mkati Oak Park, Illinois. Atamaliza sukulu yasekondale, anali mtolankhani kwa miyezi ingapo ya Nyenyezi ya Kansas City musanapite ku Kutsogolo kwa Italy kulembetsa ngati driver wa ambulansi mu Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Mu 1918, adavulala kwambiri ndipo adabwerera kunyumba. Zochitika zake pankhondo zinali maziko a buku lake Kutsanzikana ndi Zida (1929). (Ernest Hemingway)

Mu 1921, adakwatira Hadley Richardson, woyamba mwa akazi anayi. Adasamukira ku Paris komwe adagwirako ngati mtolankhani wakunja ndipo adatengera a wamakono olemba ndi ojambula ojambula m'ma 1920 "Mibadwo Yotayika”Madera akunja. Hemingway's buku loyamba Dzuwa Limatulukanso inasindikizidwa mu 1926. Adasudzula Richardson mu 1927, ndikukwatira Pauline Pfeiffer.

Adasudzulana atabwerako ku Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain (1936-1939), yomwe adalemba ngati mtolankhani komanso yomwe inali maziko a buku lake Kwa yemwe Bell akuwombera (1940). Martha Gellhorn anakhala mkazi wake wachitatu mu 1940. Iye ndi Gellhorn anapatukana atakumana Mary Welsh ku London nthawi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Hemingway analipo ndi asitikali a Allies ngati mtolankhani ku Kutha kwa Normandy ndi kumasulidwa kwa Paris.

Anasunganso nyumba zokhalamo mu Kumadzulo kwa West, Florida (m'ma 1930) komanso mu Cuba (m'ma 1940 ndi m'ma 1950). Anatsala pang'ono kumwalira mu 1954 ndege zitagwa ngozi masiku otsatizana, ndikuvulala komwe kumamusiya akumva kuwawa komanso kudwala kwanthawi yayitali. Mu 1959, adagula nyumba ku Ketchum, Idaho, komwe, pakati pa 1961, adadzipha. (Ernest Hemingway)

Moyo wakuubwana

Ernest Miller Hemingway adabadwa pa Julayi 21, 1899, mu Oak Park, Illinois, dera lolemera kumadzulo kwa Chicago, kwa Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, dokotala, ndipo Grace Hall Hemingway, woimba. Makolo ake anali ophunzira kwambiri komanso olemekezedwa ku Oak Park, dera lodziyang'anira lokhalamo Frank Lloyd Wright anati, “Mipingo yambiri kuti anthu abwino ambiri azipitako.” Pamene Clarence ndi Grace Hemingway adakwatirana mu 1896, iwo amakhala ndi bambo ake a Grace, Ernest Miller Hall, ndipo adamutcha dzina mwana wamwamuna woyamba, wachiwiri mwa ana asanu ndi mmodzi. 

Mlongo wake Marcelline adamutsogolera mu 1898, kenako Ursula mu 1902, Madelaine mu 1904, Carol mu 1911, ndi Leicester mu 1915. Grace adatsata msonkhano wa a Victoria wosasiyanitsa zovala za ana ndi jenda. Ndi chaka chimodzi chokha cholekanitsa awiriwa, Ernest ndi Marcelline amafanana wina ndi mnzake. Grace amafuna kuti awonekere ngati mapasa, chifukwa chake pazaka zitatu zoyambirira za Ernest adasunga tsitsi lake ndikuvala ana onse zovala zofananira zachikazi.

Amayi a Hemingway, woimba wodziwika bwino m'mudzimo, adaphunzitsa mwana wawo wamwamuna kusewera kello ngakhale adakana kuphunzira; ngakhale pambuyo pake m'moyo wake adavomereza kuti maphunziro a nyimbo adathandizira kulemba kwake, zikuwonetsedwa mwachitsanzo mu "wogwirizira kapangidwe ”ka Kwa yemwe Bell akuwombera.

Ali wamkulu Hemingway amadzinenera kudana ndi amayi ake, ngakhale wolemba mbiri Michael S. Reynolds akunena kuti adagawana mphamvu ndi chidwi chomwecho. Chilimwe chilichonse banja limapita ku Windemere on Nyanja ya Walloon, pafupi Petosky, Michigan. Kumeneko Ernest wachichepere adalumikizana ndi abambo ake ndipo adaphunzira kusaka, kuwedza, komanso kumanga msasa m'nkhalango ndi m'madzi a Kumpoto Michigan, zokumana nazo zoyambirira zomwe zidalimbikitsa chidwi chofuna kuchita zakunja ndikukhala kumadera akutali kapena akutali.

Hemingway adakhalapo Oak Park ndi River Forest High School ku Oak Park kuyambira 1913 mpaka 1917. Anali katswiri wothamanga, yemwe amachita masewera angapo-nkhonya, masewera othamanga, polo yamadzi, ndi mpira; adasewera mu orchestra yasukulu kwa zaka ziwiri ndi mlongo wake Marcelline; ndipo adalandira bwino m'makalasi achingerezi. 

M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi kusukulu yasekondale adasinthira Trapeze ndi Sungani (nyuzipepala ya sukulu ndi buku la chaka), pomwe adatsanzira chilankhulo cha olemba masewera ndikugwiritsa ntchito dzina lolembera Phokoso Lardner Jr. - ndi mutu kwa Mphete Lardner wa Chicago Tribune omwe mzere wake unali "Line O'Type". 

ngati Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore dreiserndipo Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway anali mtolankhani asanakhale wolemba. Atamaliza sukulu yasekondale adapita kukagwira ntchito Nyenyezi ya Kansas City ngati mtolankhani wa mwana. Ngakhale adakhalako miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha, adadalira Stars kalozera monga maziko alemba: "Gwiritsani ntchito ziganizo zazifupi. Gwiritsani ntchito ndime zoyambirira zazifupi. Gwiritsani ntchito Chingerezi champhamvu. Khalani otsimikiza, osati osalimbikitsa. ”(Ernest Hemingway)

Cuba

Kumayambiriro kwa 1939, a Hemingway adadutsa ku Cuba ali m'bwato kukakhala Hotelo Zonse Zapadziko Lonse ku Havana. Ili linali gawo lopatukana kwa Pauline, lomwe lidayamba pomwe a Hemingway adakumana ndi a Martha Gellhorn. Martha sanachedwe kupita naye ku Cuba, ndipo iwo anachita lendi “Finca Vigía”(" Lookout Farm "), ma 15 maekala (61,000 m²) malo a 15 miles (24 km) kuchokera ku Havana.

Pauline ndi ana adachoka ku Hemingway chilimwechi, banja litakumananso pomwe adapita ku Wyoming; pomwe chisudzulo chake ndi Pauline chidamalizidwa, iye ndi Martha adakwatirana pa Novembala 20, 1940, mu Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Hemingway adasamutsira nyumba yake yoyamba yachilimwe ku Ketchum, Idaho, kunja kwa malo achisangalalo omwe angomangidwa kumene a Chigwa cha Sun, ndipo anasamukira ku Cuba m'nyengo yozizira. Adanyansidwa pomwe mnzake waku Parisian adalola amphaka ake kuti adye patebulopo, koma adakopeka ndi amphaka ku Cuba ndikuwasunga ambiri pamalowo. Mbadwa zamphaka zake zimakhala zake Key West kunyumba.

Gellhorn adamulimbikitsa kuti alembe buku lake lotchuka kwambiri, Kwa yemwe Bell akuwombera, yomwe adayamba mu Marichi 1939 ndikumaliza mu Julayi 1940. Idasindikizidwa mu Okutobala 1940. Mchitidwe wake adangoyenda uku akugwira zolemba pamanja, ndipo adalemba Kwa yemwe Bell akuwombera ku Cuba, Wyoming, ndi Sun Valley. Inakhala kusankha kwa Club-of-the-Month Club, yomwe idagulitsa theka la miliyoni mkati mwa miyezi ingapo, idasankhidwa kukhala Mphotho ya Pulitzer ndipo, mwa mawu a Meyers, "mwachipambano adakhazikitsanso mbiri yolembedwa ya Hemingway".

Mu Januwale 1941, Martha adatumizidwa ku China kuti akapite ku Colner's magazini. Hemingway adapita naye, kutumiza makalata kunyuzipepala PM, koma ambiri sanakonde China. Buku la 2009 likusonyeza kuti nthawi imeneyo atha kulembedwa kuti akagwire ntchito zanzeru zaku Soviet Union dzina lake "Agent Argo". Adabwerera ku Cuba pamaso pa Kulengeza nkhondo ndi United States Disembala uyo, pomwe adakakamiza boma la Cuba kuti limuthandize kukana Pilar, yomwe adafuna kuti akagwiritse ntchito poyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zaku Germany kuchokera pagombe la Cuba.

Paris

Carlos BakerWolemba mbiri woyamba wa Hemingway, amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale Anderson adanenanso za Paris chifukwa "ndalama zosinthana ndi ndalama" zidapangitsa kuti ikhale malo otsika mtengo, koposa zonse ndi komwe "anthu osangalatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi" amakhala. Ku Paris, Hemingway adakumana ndi wolemba komanso wojambula zaku America Gertrude stein, Wolemba mabuku ku Ireland James joyce, Wolemba ndakatulo waku America Ezra Pound (omwe "angathandize wolemba wachinyamata kuti ayambe ntchito") ndi olemba ena. (Ernest Hemingway)

Hemingway wazaka zoyambirira ku Paris anali "wamtali, wowoneka bwino, wamisala, wamapewa otambalala, wamaso abulauni, masaya ofiira, wamasaya apakati, wankhope yolimba." Iye ndi Hadley adangoyenda pang'ono ku 74 rue du Cardinal Lemoine ku Quarter yachilatini, ndipo ankagwira ntchito m'chipinda cha lendi m'nyumba yapafupi. 

Stein, yemwe anali wamkulu wa zamakono ku Paris, adakhala wowalangiza komanso amulungu wa a Hemingway kwa mwana wawo wamwamuna Jack; adamuwonetsa kwa ojambula ndi olemba akunja a Gawo la Montparnasse, yemwe amamutcha "Mibadwo Yotayika"- mawu akuti Hemingway adadziwika chifukwa chofalitsa Dzuwa Limatulukanso. Nthawi zonse ku Stein's saloni, Hemingway anakumana ndi ojambula otchuka monga Pablo Picasso, Joan Mirondipo John Gray. 

Pambuyo pake adachoka kwa Stein, ndipo ubale wawo udasokonekera ndikukangana komwe kudatenga zaka zambiri. Ezra Pound adakumana ndi Hemingway mwangozi ku Sylvia Gombeshopu yamabuku Shakespeare ndi Company mu 1922. Awiriwo anayendera Italy mu 1923 ndipo ankakhala mumsewu womwewo mu 1924. Anapanga ubwenzi wolimba, ndipo ku Hemingway, Pound anazindikira ndi kulimbikitsa luso laling'ono. Pound adayambitsa Hemingway kwa James Joyce, yemwe Hemingway nthawi zambiri ankakonda "kusewerera mowa". (Ernest Hemingway)

M'miyezi 20 yoyambirira ku Paris, Hemingway adasumira nkhani 88 za Toronto Star nyuzipepala. Adaphimba Nkhondo Yachi Greek ndi Turkey, komwe adachitira umboni za kuwotchedwa kwa Simuna, ndipo adalemba zidutswa zaulendo monga "Tuna Fishing ku Spain" ndi "Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain has the Best, Kenako Germany". Adafotokozanso kubwerera kwawo kwa gulu lankhondo lachi Greek ndi anthu wamba ochokera ku East Thrace.

Hemingway anakhumudwa atamva kuti Hadley wataya sutikesi yodzaza ndi zolemba pamanja ku Gare de Lyon pamene anali kupita ku Geneva kukakumana naye mu Disembala 1922. Mu Seputembala wotsatira awiriwa adabwerera ku Toronto, komwe mwana wawo wamwamuna John Hadley Nikanor adabadwa pa Okutobala 10, 1923. Akadalibe, buku loyamba la Hemingway, Nkhani Zitatu ndi Ndakatulo Khumi, inasindikizidwa.

Nkhani ziwiri zomwe zidalipo ndi zonse zomwe zidatsala pambuyo pa kutayika kwa sutikesi, ndipo yachitatu idalembedwa koyambirira kwa chaka chatha ku Italy. Patangotha ​​miyezi yachiwiri, mu nthawi yathu (yopanda mitu ikuluikulu), idasindikizidwa. Voliyumu yaying'ono inali ndi sikisi tizithunzi ndipo nkhani khumi ndi ziwiri Hemingway adalemba chilimwe cham'mbuyomu paulendo wake woyamba ku Spain, komwe adapeza chidwi cha bullfight. Adasowa Paris, akuwona ngati wosasangalatsa ku Toronto, ndipo amafuna kubwerera ku moyo wolemba, m'malo mokhala moyo wa mtolankhani.

Hemingway, Hadley ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna (wotchedwa Bumby) adabwerera ku Paris mu Januware 1924 ndipo adasamukira m'nyumba yatsopano pa rue Notre-Dame des Champs. Hemingway anathandiza Ford Madox Ford Sinthani Ndemanga ya Transatlantic, yomwe inafalitsa ntchito ndi Pound, John DosPasos, Wopambana Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, ndi Stein, komanso nkhani zoyambirira za Hemingway monga "Msasa Waku India". 

Liti M'nthawi Yathu linafalitsidwa mu 1925, jekete lafumbi linali ndi ndemanga kuchokera ku Ford. "Indian Camp" idalandiridwa; Ford adawona kuti ndi nkhani yoyambirira yolembedwa ndi wolemba wachichepere, ndipo otsutsa ku United States adayamika Hemingway chifukwa chotsitsimutsanso mtundu wafupikitsidwe ndi kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zomveka. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m'mbuyomu, a Hemingway adakumana F. Scott Fitzgerald, ndipo awiriwa adapanga chibwenzi cha "kusilira ndi chidani". Fitzgerald anali atasindikiza Great Gatsby chaka chomwecho: Hemingway adawerenga, adakonda, ndipo adaganiza kuti ntchito yotsatira iyenera kukhala yolemba.

Ndi mkazi wake Hadley, a Hemingway adayendera koyamba Phwando la San Fermín in Pamplona, Spain, mu 1923, komwe adachita chidwi ndi kupha ng'ombe. Ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe adayamba kutchedwa "Abambo", ngakhale abwenzi achikulire kwambiri. Hadley angakumbukire pambuyo pake kuti Hemingway anali ndi mayina ake apadera kwa aliyense komanso kuti nthawi zambiri ankachitira zinthu abwenzi ake; adanenanso kuti amakonda kumusilira. Sanakumbukire momwe dzina ladzina lidakhalira; komabe, zidakhalabe. 

A Hemingways adabwerera ku Pamplona mu 1924 ndipo kachitatu mu Juni 1925; chaka chimenecho adabwera ndi gulu la ochokera ku America ndi Britain: Hemingway's Michigan bwenzi launyamata Bill Smith, Donald Ogden Stewart, Lady Duff Twysden (osudzulana posachedwapa), wokondedwa wake Pat Guthrie, ndi Harold Loeb. Patangopita masiku ochepa chikondwererocho chitatha, patsiku lake lobadwa (Julayi 21), adayamba kulemba zomwe zingachitike Dzuwa Limatulukanso, kumaliza masabata asanu ndi atatu pambuyo pake.

Patatha miyezi ingapo, mu Disembala 1925, a Hemingways adachoka kukakhala nthawi yozizira mkati Zolemba, Austria, komwe Hemingway adayamba kukonzanso zolembedwa pamanja kwambiri. A Pauline Pfeiffer adalumikizana nawo mu Januware ndipo motsutsana ndi upangiri wa Hadley, adalimbikitsa Hemingway kuti asayine mgwirizano ndi Scribner's. Anachoka ku Austria kuti apite ku New York mwachangu kukakumana ndi ofalitsawo, ndipo atabwerera, atayima ku Paris, adayamba chibwenzi ndi Pfeiffer, asanabwerere ku Schruns kuti akamaliza kukonzanso mu Marichi. Zolembedwazo zinafika ku New York mu Epulo; adakonza umboni womaliza ku Paris mu Ogasiti 1926, ndipo a Scribner adafalitsa bukuli mu Okutobala.

Munthu Wakale ndi Nyanja

The Old Man and the Sea ndi buku lolembedwa ndi Ernest Hemingway mu 1951 ku Cuba. Bukuli ndilotchuka pazifukwa zambiri. Anapatsidwa mphoto ya Pulitzer for Fiction mu 1953, komanso zidatsogolera pakupereka mphotho ya Nobel mu Literature ku Hemingway mu 1954.

Malinga ndi ena, a Ernest Hemingway adachita zambiri kuti asinthe mawonekedwe achingerezi kuposa wolemba wina aliyense mzaka zam'ma XNUMX. Kudzera mu bukuli, yomwe ndi ntchito yake yomaliza yopeka, adawonetsa talente yake yambiri limodzi ndi mbiri yayikulu.

The Old Man and the Sea ndi nkhani yokhudza msodzi wakale, wodziwa bwino ntchito yake komanso nkhondo yake yayikulu ndi nkhonya yayikulu, nsomba zazikulu kwambiri m'moyo wake. Pambuyo masiku makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu anayi osagwira, bambo wachikulireyo adaganiza zopita patali kuposa msodzi aliyense, kupita komwe angayese kunyada kwake.

Ngati simunawerenge bukuli, mwina ino ndiyo nthawi yoyenera kutero, kufikira nthawi imeneyo, sangalalani ndi mawu awiriwa 22. (Ernest Hemingway)

1. Ino ndi nthawi yolingalira chinthu chimodzi chokha. Zomwe ndidabadwira (Ernest Hemingway)

2. Aliyense akhoza kukhala msodzi mu Meyi. (Ernest Hemingway)

3. Pali asodzi odziwa zambiri ndipo ena ndi akulu. Koma pali inu nokha. (Ernest Hemingway)

4. Simunaphe nsomba zokha kuti mukhale ndi moyo komanso kugulitsa chakudya. Munamupha chifukwa chonyada komanso chifukwa ndinu msodzi. Mudamkonda ali moyo ndipo mudamukondanso pambuyo pake. Ngati mumamukonda, si tchimo kumupha. Kapena ndizochulukirapo? (Ernest Hemingway)

5. Nsomba zanga zazikulu ziyenera kukhala kwinakwake. (Ernest Hemingway)

6. Nsomba, uyeneradi kufa basi. Kodi uyenera kundipha inenso? (Ernest Hemingway)

7. Gehena ndi mwayi. Ndidzabweretsa mwayiwu. (Ernest Hemingway)

8. Tsiku lililonse ndi tsiku latsopano. Ndi bwino kukhala ndi mwayi. Koma ine kulibwino ndikhale ndendende. Ndiye mwayi ukabwera ndiye kuti mwakonzeka. (Ernest Hemingway)

9. mwayi ndi chinthu chomwe chimabwera m'njira zambiri ndipo ndani angamuzindikire? (Ernest Hemingway)

10. Ndibwino kuti tisayese kupha dzuwa kapena mwezi kapena nyenyezi. Ndikokwanira kukhala panyanja ndikupha abale athu enieni. (Ernest Hemingway)

11. Ngati ena adandimva ndikulankhula mokweza angaganize kuti ndapenga. Koma popeza sindine wamisala, sindisamala. (Ernest Hemingway)

12. Palibe amene ayenera kukhala yekha atakalamba. (Ernest Hemingway)

13. Ndimadana ndi cramp. Ndi chinyengo cha thupi lanu. (Ernest Hemingway)

14. Ino si nthawi yoganizira zomwe mulibe. Ganizirani zomwe mungachite ndi zomwe zilipo. (Ernest Hemingway)

Sananene izi chifukwa amadziwa kuti ngati munganene chinthu chabwino sichingachitike. (Ernest Hemingway)

16. Ndimayesetsa kuti ndisabwereke. Choyamba mumakongola. Kenako mupempha. (Ernest Hemingway)

17. Munthu satayika panyanja ndipo ndi chisumbu chachitali. (Ernest Hemingway)

18. Zowawa zilibe kanthu kwa munthu. (Ernest Hemingway)

19. "Ukalamba ndi wotchi yanga," bambo wachikulireyo anati. “Chifukwa chiyani amuna achikulire amadzuka msanga chonchi? Kodi kukhala ndi tsiku limodzi lokha? ” "Sindikudziwa," mnyamatayo adatero. "Zomwe ndikudziwa ndikuti anyamata achichepere amagona mochedwa komanso movutikira." (Ernest Hemingway)

20. Mulole aganizire kuti ndine wamkulu kuposa ine ndipo ndidzakhala chomwecho. (Ernest Hemingway)

21. Sungani mutu wanu bwino ndikudziwa momwe mungavutikire ngati mwamuna. (Ernest Hemingway)

22. Munthu sanapangidwe kuti agonjetsedwe. Munthu akhoza kuwonongedwa koma osagonjetsedwa. (Ernest Hemingway)

Mutha kuyang'ana pazogulitsa zathu polowa mu izi kugwirizana.